The rook. White rook.The rook chess piece.Chess game. History of chess map

by Vali Irina Ciobanu

Title

The rook. White rook.The rook chess piece.Chess game. History of chess map

Artist

Vali Irina Ciobanu

Medium

Painting - Watercolor And Ink On Paper

Description

A sketch (part of a serie of 12 works) made for my "History of chess" map 2 yers a go.This is the White rook piece .
The rook is a piece in the strategy board game of chess. Formerly the piece was called the tower, marquess, rector, and comes (Sunnucks 1970). The term castle is considered informal, incorrect, or old-fashioned. the medieval shatranj, the rook symbolized a chariot. The Persian word rukh means chariot (Davidson 1949:10), and the corresponding pieces in the original Indian version chaturanga have ratha (meaning "chariot"), while east Asian chess games such as xiangqi and shogi have names also meaning chariot (車) for the same piece.

Persian war chariots were heavily armoured, carrying a driver and at least one ranged-weapon bearer, such as an archer. The sides of the chariot were built to resemble fortified stone work, giving the impression of small, mobile buildings, causing terror on the battlefield. In the West, the rook is almost universally represented as a crenellated turret. One possible explanation is that when the game was imported to Italy, the Persian rukh became the Italian word rocca ("fortress"), and from there spread in the rest of Europe. Another possible explanation is that rooks represent siege towers – the piece is called torre ("tower"), in Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish; tour in French; toren in Dutch; Turm in German; and torn in Swedish. In Hungarian it is bástya ("bastion"). Another possibility is that, as chess moved to Europe long after chariot warfare had been abandoned, a different symbol was needed to represent the rook's concept of feudal power (the chariot being a method of warfare only used by the elite, very similar to medieval knights), and as such the Europeans adopted a castle to represent a lord and his feudal power, further supported by the (albeit later) name for the rook, the "marquess", named after a nobleperson. Finally, the chariot was sometimes represented as a silhouette, a square with two points above representing the horse's heads, which may have been seen to resemble a building with arrowports to the medieval imagination. An exception is seen in the British Museum's collection of the medieval Lewis chess pieces in which the rooks appear as stern warders or wild-eyed Berserker warriors. Rooks usually are similar in appearance to small castles, and as a result a rook is sometimes called a "castle". This usage was common in the past ("The Rook, or Castle, is next in power to the Queen" – Howard Staunton, 1847) but today it is rarely if ever used in chess literature or among players, except in the expression "castling".[4]

In some languages the rook is called a ship: Thai เรือ (reūa), Armenian Նավակ (navak), Russian ладья (ladya).

In Bulgarian it is called the cannon (Топ, Romanised top).

In Kannada it is known as ಆನೆ (āāne), meaning "elephant". This is unusual, as the term "elephant" is in many other languages applied to the bishop.

Each player starts the game with two rooks, one on each of the corner squares on their own side of the board.

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January 10th, 2018

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